1848 Mitchell Map of California and Oregon

Just before the Gold Rush.

This is Samuel Augustus Mitchell's 1848 map of Upper California and Oregon. It is considered one of the most important and desirable mid-19th-century American atlas maps, presenting the region immediately after annexation of Upper California (California Alta) to the United States following the Mexican-American War (1846 - 1848) but before the momentous California Gold Rush (1849 - 1850).

A Closer Look

Coverage embraces the Transmississippi from Vancouver to the Mexican border and from the Pacific to Texas. It follows the borders established by the 1848 Treaty of Guadeloupe Hidalgo, which formally ended the Mexican-American War and ceded Upper California to the United States.

Fremont Expedition

One point of interest is Mitchell's highlighting of routes of the Fremont Expedition and the Great Spanish Trail. The map includes cartography from Fremont's First (1842) and Second Expeditions (1843 - 1844), but not the Third (1845), the maps from which were not publicly released at the time of publication. The map adds a wealth of detail from the Fremont Expeditions, particularly south of the Great Salt Lake and in Oregon.

Publication History

This map was issued in the 1848 edition of the New Universal Atlas. The map was engraved by H. N Burroughs and first issued in 1846, after which it evolved through several states. It was published in 1848 and is dated as such.

Cartographers

Samuel Augustus Mitchell (March 20, 1792 - December 20, 1868) began his map publishing career in the early 1830s. Mitchell was born in Bristol, Connecticut. He relocated to Philadelphia in 1821. Having worked as a school teacher and a geographical writer, Mitchell was frustrated with the low quality and inaccuracy of school texts of the period. His first maps were an attempt to rectify this problem. In the next 20 years Mitchell would become the most prominent American map publisher of the mid-19th century. Mitchell worked with prominent engravers J. H. Young, H. S. Tanner, and H. N. Burroughs before attaining the full copyright on his maps in 1847. In 1849 Mitchell either partnered with or sold his plates to Thomas, Cowperthwait and Company who continued to publish the Mitchell's Universal Atlas. By about 1856 most of the Mitchell plates and copyrights were acquired by Charles Desilver who continued to publish the maps, many with modified borders and color schemes, until Mitchell's son, Samuel Augustus Mitchell Junior, entered the picture. In 1859, S.A. Mitchell Jr. purchased most of the plates back from Desilver and introduced his own floral motif border. From 1860 on, he published his own editions of the New General Atlas. The younger Mitchell became as prominent as his father, publishing maps and atlases until 1887, when most of the copyrights were again sold and the Mitchell firm closed its doors for the final time.   Further Details...

Horatio Nelson Burroughs (June 28, 1812 - August 23, 1896) was an engraver and later a banker based in Pennsylvania and active in the early 19th century. He was born in Washington Crossing, New Jersey. Burroughs' work first appears in conjunction with Henry Schenk Tanner and Samuel Augustus Mitchell (the elder). His name appears on the 1846 copyrights of many of Mitchell's earliest and most important atlas and pocket maps. Following 1846, Burroughs retired from engraving to become a banker, eventually becoming president of Commonwealth Bank. He married first Eleanor Douglas Mitchell (18?? - 1853), then, after her untimely death, her sister Caroline Mitchell (1818 - 1892), both daughters of map and atlas publisher Samuel Augustus Mitchell Sr. (1792 - 1868).   Further Details...

Source

Mitchell, S. Augustus, New Universal Atlas Containing Maps of the various Empires, Kingdoms, States and Republics Of The World, (Philadelphia: S. Augustus Mitchell) 1848.    

The New Universal Atlas is one of the great American atlases of the mid-19th century. Samuel Augustus Mitchell first issued the atlas in 1846 when he acquired the map plates and copyright for Tanner's New Universal Atlas from its publisher, Carey and Hart. The first transitional 1846 edition was published jointly with Carey and Hart, but a second edition was published in the same year with the Tanner imprint erased. This edition of the atlas also introduced the signature S. A. Mitchell green and pink color scheme. Most of the maps from the early editions of the atlas were engraved by H. N. Burroughs or C. S. Williams, often bearing their copyright. Burroughs maps also tended to have what map collector David Rumsey refers to as the 'Cary and Hart' borders, which featured a narrow vine motif. These borders were replaced, along with the Burroughs imprint, with the more traditional Mitchell strap work border used in the atlases until 1856. Mitchell published editions until late in 1850, when he sold the rights to Thomas, Cowperthwait and Company of Philadelphia. Under Cowperthwait, the atlases continued to be published and bear the Mitchell name until 1856, when the plates were again sold, this time to Charles Desilver. Desilver reworked the plates with new border art and a revised color scheme in the style of J. H. Colton. Desilver issued editions from 1857 to 1860, when the atlas was phased out in favor of Samuel Augustus Mitchell Jr.'s New General Atlas.

Condition

Very good. Even overall toning.

References

Rumsey 4835.048. Wheat, C. I., Mapping of the Transmississippi West, 1540 – 1861, 683. Wheat, C. I., The Maps of the California Gold Region, 1848-1857, a Biblio-Cartography of an Important Decade, 168. Moffat, R. M., Printed maps of Utah to 1900, 22. Phillips (Atlases) 797.