1848 (Kaei 1) Shincho and Heibe Map of the World

An important 1848 (Kaei 1) Japanese woodblock map of the world drawn by Shincho Kurihara and published by Heibe Chojiya. This is one of the few 'modern' western style world maps in double hemisphere form issued in Japan before the 1853 Opening of Japan. As such, this map, whose title translates as 'Map of all the countries on the Eastern and Western Hemispheres' represents a significant advancement in Japanese cartography.

A Closed World

Due to the Sakoku or 'Chained Country' policy enforced in Japan between 1633 and 1853, Japanese cartographers had only the vaguest ideas of what lay beyond their well-mapped borders. The knowledge they had was largely transmitted through reluctant Dutch traders in Nagasaki and Chinese merchants who traded with the semi-independent Ryukyu Kingdom to the south. Consequently, cartographic conventions common in Europe were slow to penetrate Japan. Until about 1840, most Japanese world maps followed Matteo Ricci, derived from 17th-century European maps, which tended to show California as an Island and the fictional southern continent of Terre Australis, among other anomalies.

Innovation

This map, on the other hand, offers a more contemporary perspective generally in line with the more advanced European cartographic knowledge. Here, the world is presented in a double hemisphere projection - a style that first appeared in Japan around 1810 - and cartographically, it is quite accurate. California is attached to the mainland, Australia is properly mapped, including a separate Tasmania, New Zealand is correctly represented as two Islands, and Terre Australia has disappeared.

Also of note is the abandonment of the Edo era convention of using cartouches and Chinese characters to identify geographic elements. Here, most place names use the phonetic Katakana text - a uniquely Japanese adaptation to foreign linguistic borrowings. Some traditional Japanese techniques for rendering topography have also been abandoned in favor of a European-style political map. Nonetheless, there are several interesting examples of stippling used to render both deserts and offshore shoals - as in the Grand Banks and the Sahara. Also of note is a stylized rendering of the Great Wall of China. The whole is surrounded by a traditional Japanese border with a figural draconic motif.

Publication History

Some claim this map may be from as early as 1835, but we have seen no evidence to substantiate this. Nonetheless, there are several editions that most believe first appeared in 1848. The first edition, as here, had blue text above the map. There are at least two states from this issue, one with a colophon in the lower left corner and another, as here, without. Another edition, issued in 1850, features the text along the left side. This map appears in several institutional collections in its various states but is scarce to the market.