1552 Munster Map of America (first obtainable map of America)

This is an excellent 1552 Latin edition of Sebastian Münster's map of America, the first printed map of the Western Hemisphere. The map first appeared in Münster's 1540 edition of Ptolemy's Geographia, one of the earliest versions of the classical work to systematically include maps showing contemporary geographical knowledge. Beginning in 1544, it would be included in Münster's magnum opus, Cosmographia Universalis, which for over forty years was the primary source for anyone interested in world geography. Consequently, this map had a disproportionate impact, providing the first glimpse of the New World to Europeans for nearly half a century.

An Impressive Array of Firsts

In addition to being the first map to present North and South America as a continuous land mass, this was the first map to name the Pacific Ocean and the Straits of Magellan. It ranks among the earliest acquirable maps to show and name Japan (Zipangri, located near America.). It was also the first widely-disseminated map to reveal the discoveries of Verrazano and Cabot.

Speculative Geography

There being vast gaps in European scholars' knowledge of the Americas, Münster and any other geographer of his era had to fill in with speculation - leading to many of the unusual features. The wedge-like bisecting North America was derived from interpretations of Verrazano's observations of the Carolina barrier islands and sounds beyond during his 1524 voyage; this so-called 'Sea of Verrazano' would also appear on Münster's world map. The Yucatan peninsula appears here as an island.

Revealing and Summarizing the Age of Discovery in the Americas

The Caribbean region was reasonably well understood: Cuba, Jamaica, St. Paul, Cozumel, Yucatan, Dominica, and Hispaniola appear roughly in their correct positions. The Castilian flag flies over Puerto Rico (unnamed on this state of the map) and the Portuguese flag appears off the coast of Brazil. These are a reference to the Treaty of Tordesillas, the agreement between Spain and Portugal determining which of the newly-discovered areas belonged to each kingdom. In North America, the Florida peninsula is recognizable, although the entire region of the southeast is identified as 'Terra Florida.' Further north, another territory, defined as Francisca, is identified - applying Verrazano's term for the lands his expedition surveyed. This appellation was in honor of Francis I, the French King who sponsored Verrazano's expedition. 'C. Britonum' is a reference to Cabot's expedition and is most like Cape Breton. The nearby island of 'Corterati' refers to the lands encountred in 1501 by Gaspar Corte-Real; it is not known now what specific land Corte-Real found, but of the two likely possibilities - Labrador, or Newfoundland - Münster presents a better picture for the latter.

South America is more recognizable. This map (tied with Münster's world map) is the first acquirable to name and show the Straits of Magellan. A lovely sailing ship in the Pacific is likely Magellan's flagship Victoria.

Catigara

Catigara, a city typically located in East Asia by Ptolemy, has here been relocated to the western coast of South America, near modern day Peru. This is actually a development consistent with the 1489 Martellus and the 1531 Oronce Fine maps. On the 1489, Catigara appears on the western coast of the 'Dragon's Tail' left over from Ptolemy's land bridge to Africa. Fine decided that the 'Dragon's Tail' appearing on earlier maps was the same land mass as the newly-discovered South America, and placed Catigara there accordingly. Münster completed that change, retaining Catigara while correctly mapping America and Asia as distinct continents.

Cannibals and Giants

Thanks to Vespucci's popular and sensational accounts of the New World, if scholars knew anything about South America it was that it was full of cannibals. Consequently, the region of Brazil is decorated with a primitive lean-to festooned with a human head and leg, labeled 'Canibali.' Patagonia is identified as 'Regio Gigantum' (the Kingdom of Giants) in reference to the ten-foot-tall giants reported by Magellan's survivors.

The Earliest Printed Map of the Pacific Ocean

As noted previously, this is the earliest printed map (tied with Münster's world map) to use the term 'Pacific' to describe the Ocean to the west of America. Munster most likely theorized that this ocean was an extension of Ptolemy's Indian Ocean - a fact also suggested by his placement of 'Catigara.' Into this largely unexplored ocean he introduces the Ins. Pdonum, according to Suarez, a corruption of Magellan's 'Ladroni' or 'Thieves' Island', today's Guam and Rota. Münster also identifies 'Calensuan,' which Suarez suggests is one of the islands visited by Magellan's crew after the man himself was slain on Cebu. Further north, an archipelago of 7448 islands surrounds 'Zipangri.' This is Japan, as referenced by Marco Polo. It is among the earliest appearances of Japan on a printed map, and in its first edition of 1540 predated any direct European contact with the island nation.

Publication History and Census

The present example represents the 5th state of Munster's map, prepared for the 1550 and 1552 Latin editions of the Cosmographia. Only four examples of this state appear separately in OCLC, one of which is identified as the 1552 issue and is held at the Newberry Library. (These two Latin editions of the map are distinguishable in the typesetting of the verso text: the second line of text in the 1550 reads 'ORBIS, QUI INSULAS HABET' whereas the 1552 reads 'ORBIS, QUI INSULAS'.) In its various states, the map is well represented in institutional collections.