1600 Matthias Quad Map of the Straits of Magellan and Terre Australis

This scarce and fascinating map is Matthias Quad's 1600 depiction of the Straits of Magellan and the southern polar regions, including Terre Australis - the massive continent believed by many sixteenth and seventeenth century geographers to cover the south part of the world. It is closely derived from a 1597 map by Cornelis Wytfliet, but is much scarcer than the earlier work.

Composition

The map is divided into two segments. The upper map focuses on the Strait of Magellan, identifying the land south of the strait as Terre Australis as opposed to 'Tierra del Fuego' (although a C. Del Fuego and R. Del Fuego are among the places named there.) The lower map is a southern polar projection revealing the scope of the massive southern continent, extending from the Strait of Magellan to cover not only the South Pole but extending to New Guinea, Java, and the Cape of Good Hope. Extensive Latin text to the left describes the southern continent lying south of Nova Guinea (New Guinea), as it is illustrated here, and is believed by some to refer to Portuguese knowledge of Australia prior to its official discovery by the Dutch East India Company (VOC) mariner Willem Janszoon.

Terre Australis - the 'Great Southern Continent'

The apocryphal southern continent or Terre Australis was a regular feature on maps issued throughout 16th, 17th, and early 18th centuries, long before the actual discovery of Antarctica. Based upon the writings of Aristotle, it was believed that the Earth was a place of balances. Geographers thus postulated the bulk of Eurasia must be counterbalanced by a similar landmass in the Southern Hemisphere, just as, they argued, the Americas counterbalanced Africa and Europe. Many explorers in the 16th and 17th centuries sought the Great Southern continent, including Quiros, Drake, and Cook, but Antarctica itself was not truly discovered until Edward Bransfield and William Smith sighted the Antarctic Peninsula in 1820.

The southern continent as seen here is one of the finest examples of 16th century speculative mapping of the southern polar regions and features various elements drawn from the writings of Marco Polo (Maletur, Beach, and Java Minor) and from the journeys of Ferdinand Magellan. Cartographically it predates both the voyages of Jacob Le Maire and Willem Schouten and offers no information from the suppressed circumnavigation of Sir Francis Drake. It was thus believed, as illustrated here, that the lands to the south of the Straits of Magellan were not a collection of islands, but rather the northern extension of a great unexplored southern landmass.

The extensive Latin textual description of the Southern Continent in the lower right is of great interest, in rough translation,

…the southernmost of all countries, extends immediately toward the Polar Circle, but also towards the countries of the east beyond the Tropic of Capricorn and almost at the equator its confines are to be found, and in the east, separated by a narrow strait, it lies in front of new Guinea, but is explored only at a few coastal places, because after one and another voyage that route has been discounted and thence rarely sails are set except that ships are driven off by cyclones. It takes its beginnings two or three degrees under the equator and is assigned such an extension by some that it may well appear to be the fifth continent after having been discovered fully.

The text here provides a not wholly inaccurate description of part of Australia and it has been argued by some scholars that the wording strongly suggests Portuguese navigators may have landed on the Australian shore without either engaging extensive mapping or otherwise fully understanding the scope of the discovery. Günter Schilder in his book Australia Unveiled discusses this map at length and points to its significance to Major Collingridge and others 'as proof that Australia had already been discovered in the sixteenth century....'

The upper map, focusing on the straits of Magellan, identifies C. Della Victoria and includes a fine sailing ship. The map also names the ill-fated Spanish colony of Philippopolis founded by Magellan at the eastern entrance to the strait. Philippopolis, like the Philippines, was named after Philip, the Prince of Asturias (1527 - 1598), later Philip II of Spain.

Publication History and Census

This map was engraved by Matthias Quad, for inclusion in his 1600 Geographisch Handtbuch published by Johann Bussemacher in Cologne, in a single edition. We see only eight examples listed in institutional collections.