1720 Chéreau View Map of the Gulf Littoral and New Orleans - 1st View of New Orelans

First published image of New Orleans.

This is a rare c. 1720 Chéreau broadside leaflet map-view of the Gulf of Mexico littoral, just a few years after New Orleans was founded. It is likely the earliest printed view of New Orleans - though admittedly, it is not an accurate representation of the city at the time. The map was issued as a propaganda leaflet to promote New Orleans and French Louisiana, and thus coverage extends east to encompass most of the Florida Panhandle. It is among the earliest maps to include a view of New Orleans and the indigenous peoples of the Gulf. The present example is the first state, with extraordinary period color.

A Closer Look

The view takes a mirrored perspective on the coast; it is oriented to the north, with New Orleans appearing just left of center. Coverage extends from the Mississippi, identified at the far left, to just beyond modern-day Choctawatchee Bay, identified here as Baye de Ste. Rose. The whole is vague and imprecise, reflecting the limited knowledge of this coastline and the interior. The comparative size of the French city of New Orleans and the two American Indian cities underscores major centers with dense populations. Cities identified are, from roughly right to left:

1. Embouchure du Missisipi - Mouth of the Mississippi River
2. La Nouvelle Orleans - New Orleans, Louisiana
3. Lac de Pontchartrain - Lake Pontchartrain
4. Lac de Maurepas - Lake Maurepas
5. Nouveau Fort Louis - Mobile, Alabama (1712 - Present)
6. Vieux Fort Louis - Le Moyne, Alabama (fl. 1702 - 1712)
7. Isle Dauphine - Dauphin Island
8. Isle de la Chandeleur - Chandeleur Islands
9. Pensacola - Pensacola, Florida
10. Mobile Riviere - Mobile Bay
11. Governador Riviere - Possibly the Blackwater River north of Mobile Bay
12. Baye de Ste. Rose - Choctawhatchee Bay
13. Charle Fort - Also known as Fort Charles (fl. 1696 - 1710)
14. Riviere du St. Esprit - Possibly the Apalachicola River
15. Villages des Indiens - Various American Indian settlements, some walled and apparently very large
16. Débarquement des Français - Port of New Orleans

In addition, there is a wealth of illustrations of local flora and fauna, including an alligator and several turkeys, indigenous peoples, colonial settlers, various American Indian villages and smaller settlements, and a host of oceangoing vessels in the Gulf.

The overall engraving is crude, reflecting the nature of this optic as a propaganda leaflet meant to be produced quickly and widely distributed freely or at low cost. Such objects, as here, tend to have extremely low survival rates.

Scholarship

Cécile Vidal, in his excellent book Caribbean New Orleans Empire, Race, and the Making of a Slave Society, offers an insightful analysis of the image:

…splendid engraving attributed to François Chéreau and dated circa 1720. Such images were used for propaganda purposes. Although only a few shacks had been erected at the time of Chéreau's engraving, the artist represented New Orleans as an imposing fortified city, with a majestic church, several monuments, and stone houses. The multiple ships cruising in the Gulf of Mexico and the Native American forts and villages scattered in the background recalled that 'the Mississippi' had been integrated within the French Empire through colonial expansion. The contrast between the indigenous wooden stockades and the stone walls surrounding the city, built in the manner of Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban, materialized the colonial situation, that is, the asymmetrical relationships in which the newcomers and First Nations were caught, and highlighted the difference that colonists thought existed between Europeans and Native Americans.

Publication History and Census

This map was first issued, as here, c. 1720 by Jacques Chéreau (LOC 75693015), who signed the work 'Chéreau le Jeune'. There are two states, the 1720 Chéreau state and a later Basset variant. Both are separate plates, with the main difference being that the 1720 edition is oriented correctly with west at the left, while the Basset edition is mirrored, with west at the right. Small differences include the spelling of Louisiana with 3 's's in Mississippi in the 1720, and 4 's's in the later Basset. Basset editions are also typically weak imprints. All examples in all editions are extremely rare to the point of being unobtainable.

Cartographer

Jacques Chéreau (Chéreau le Jeune, Chereau the Younger; October 29, 1688 - December 1, 1776) was a French engraver and printmaker. His often signed his work as Chéreau le Jeune to distinguish himself from his older brother, also a prominent engraver, François Chéreau I (1680 - 1729). Jacques learnt engraving under his brother before studying under Gérard Audran (1640 - 1703). He also lived for a time in London where he learnt how to engrave optical views, for which his firm later became known. Chéreau set up shop at Rue Saint-Jacques, Paris, a well-established center of engraving. His second marriage, to Marguerite-Geneviève Chiquet (17?? - 1773) in 1724, connected him to the firm of engraver and printseller Jacques Chiquet (1673 - 1721), whose workshop and plates he inherited in 1741. His daughter with Marguerite-Geneviève Chiquet was Geneviève-Marguerite Chéreau (17?? - 1782), who married her cousin François Chéreau II (1717 - 1755), son of François Chéreau I (1680 - 1729). After his death, Geneviève-Marguerite continued to run the business, engraving and publishing as Veuve Chéreau (Widow Chéreau, note there are two other later Veuve Chéreaus within the same family). She likely remarried into the Basset family, the beginning of a long series of incestuous intermarriages between the Chéreau and Basset clans intended to keep the flourishing business in the family. The family connections and overlaps are near impossible to unwind.   Further Details...

Condition

Very good. Strong impression. Exceptional original color. Slight soiling. Wear on old fold lines. Two very minor spot-mends on verso.

References

Library of Congress, G3862.C6A35 177-.B3. Touchton Map Library, Tampa Bay History Center, M688. Charting Louisiana: Five Hundred Years of Maps, (Historic New Orleans Collection), plate 27. Historic New Orleans Collection, #1959.210.