1688 / 1697 Coronelli Globe Gore of New Mexico and California as an Island

This is the globe gore focusing on the American southwest, engraved in 1688 for Vincenzo Coronelli's 42-inch (3 1/2 foot) terrestrial globe, reprinted in 1697 for inclusion in his Libro dei Globi and Isolario. This beautiful engraving is striking in its presentation of the insular California, but this is not its most important feature. Rather it represents the earliest correct depiction of the Rio Grande generally acquirable to the collector.

A Closer Look

Though engraved for Coronelli's masterpiece 3 1/2 foot globe published in 1688, the copperplate was adapted in 1697 for inclusion in Coronelli's bound atlases, masked off centered on the Tropic of Cancer in order to fit the format of the books. It covers the western part of Mexico, from part of Guerrero (Tasco is shown) well into the terra incognita north of New Mexico. Baja California extends into a vast insular California, separated from the mainland by the Sea of Cortez.

Coronelli's first use of this geography was his monumental 15-foot manuscript terrestrial globe made in 1683 for Louis XIV, and it is almost certainly via his French connections that Coronelli was able to access the reports of Diego de Peñalosa, which informed both this mapping and that of Coronelli's map engraved by Nolin, Le Nouveau Mexique, which may have been published as early as 1687 or preceded slightly by Coronelli's 1688 terrestrial globe. Whichever of these two of Coronelli's maps is the earlier, both stand among the most important 17th-century maps of the southwest.

The Spanish Source

Coronelli owed the accuracy of his New Mexico cartography to its basis on a firsthand Spanish source: Diego de Peñalosa, the exiled former governor of New Spain, who provided a manuscript map of these domains to the French in the hope that they would invade and restore him to power. Peñalosa's map not only accurately detailed the domain of New Mexico, but provided content on New Biscay and Zacatecas. These provinces, just south of the Rio Grande, were the location of the legendary Silver Mines of Santa Barbara. Peñalosa's revelation of the locations of these mines would result directly in La Salle's attempt to create a base on the northwest coast of the Gulf of Mexico, an effort which would cost the explorer his life.

The Rio Grande

This is one of the first appearances on a printed map of the correct routing of the Rio Grande, running from the highlands of New Mexico and flowing south-east to discharge into the Gulf of Mexico, rather than the Gulf of California as favored by earlier 17th century cartographers. Coronelli's maps were the first to place Santa Fe on the eastern side of the Rio Grande and in its approximately correct geographic position. 'El Passo' also appears, marking a crucial ford of the Rio Grande. Throughout the upper Rio Grande, Coronelli names European settlements and missions, pueblas (notably the great puebla of Taos), as well as the locations of various Apache, Moqui, and Navajo tribes.

California as an Island

The gore includes, to the west, the Sea of California, and part of the Island of California. McLaughlin identifies Coronelli's model for the island being largely drawn from Joan Blaeu's 1648 map, although he does not include the globe gore in his cataloguing. Coronelli's descriptive text, interestingly, does not dwell on the island model but instead refers to earlier exploration and cartography:

It was believed by some that California was a peninsula, attached to the continent of New Mexico. This was discovered by Cortez in the name of the king of Spain in the year 1534, and subsequently sailed by Francisco d'Ulloa in 1539... de Alarcon in 1540 and finally Gio. Roderigo Cabrillo in 1542, which led to ever more exact relations.

So despite its bold depiction of the largest island known, Coronelli's historical gloss does not support it.

Coronelli's Venenetian Maps versus Paris

Although the map's Peñalosa geography is easily recognizable in the Coronelli-Nolin map, the finer detail of this map can be seen to be substantially the same as that which appears on Coronelli's two-sheet America Settentrionale. Although that map bears the date 1688, it was not actually published earlier than 1690 and it is very probable that the globes - and hence this gore - represent the earlier appearance of this geographical information.

Coronelli's Most Beautifully Engraved Plate of the Region

The gore is of superb workmanship, visible in its well-placed, contrasting text, its bold lines, and beautiful pictorial mountains. The general delineation is the same as would appear on Coronelli's two-sheet America Settentrionale, but close comparison reveals the engravings for the globe gore to be superior in detail and execution. Clearly Coronelli applied higher standards to his globes than on his conventional printed maps, as beautiful as they were.

Coronelli's 1688 globe, Libro Dei Globi and other Publications

Coronelli firmly established his reputation as a globe maker in 1683 when he created an astonishing pair of enormous manuscript globes for Louis XIV of France. These measured fifteen feet in diameter and were the largest globes produced to date. (The King declared these to be 'not the least of his ornaments' in Versailles.) Basking in his success - for which he was awarded a fifteen-year privilege - Coronelli was quick to produce a printed 3 1/2 foot terrestrial and celestial globe pair for sale to the public. The 1688 globes were the largest printed globes to date, and Coronelli considered them to be his greatest work in print. He was not without justification. Their superb engraving and encyclopedic geographic detail, not to mention their great size, set them easily amongst the finest globes produced in the 17th century. Desiring to display the quality of these works to a broader audience, and to challenge any potential competition, Coronelli published in 1697 a volume variously titled Libro dei Globi or Palestra Litteraria containing his globe gores. (The title page bore a date of 1693, but the earliest known printing of the book was four years later.) 1697 was busy: Coronelli also included most of the gores from his terrestrial globe among conventional maps in his Atlante Veneto and Isolario that same year. The Libro dei Globi presented the gores of the globes as completely as possible, resulting in considerable overlap but allowing the gores to be viewed consecutively, highlighting their execution as a single work. The gores were employed in the Atlante Veneto as conventional maps. They accompanied the text of the volume, were not shown consecutively, and were not intended to be viewed as a whole.

In 1686 Coronelli had contracted with the French engraver Jean Baptiste Nolin to produce an edition of the 3 1/2 foot celestial globe, and several geographical maps. This publication of work through Paris expanded Coronelli's reach as a map publisher and provided the basis for much of his early cartographic output. The terrestrial globe to accompany the celestial was not executed in Paris but in Venice, where Coronelli was able to attract some of the era's finest artists. Augsburg engraver Filipp Kilian provided masterful work on the cartouches. Most of the engraving of the globe was assigned to Alessandro della Via, whose work on the Venice edition of the 1688 celestial globe Coronelli declared superior to that of the Nolin. Shirley enthused:

The engraving and design throughout is of the highest standard with neat contrasting lettering and five large cartouches of singular grace and elegance... Coronelli seems to have sought to omit nothing that might be of interest to geographers, navigators, and explorers. There are an unusual number of legends, all explanatory and informative, but which never crowd the space available. Many of the vignettes of ships and fishing scenes throughout the world are worthy of separate reproduction.

Complete sets of these gores are to be found in the British Library and the Library of Congress: they are of extraordinary rarity.

Even at the time of production, globes were prohibitively expensive to produce and purchase in comparison with printed books. To compare, the 3 1/2 foot globe pair with stands cost 1240 Venetian Lire in 1697. The first volume of Coronelli's Atlante Veneto was 55.16 Lire. Therefore in order to reach a broader audience with his globes, and to get better return for the expense of producing the copperplate gores, Coronelli produced his Libro dei Globi which - though still tipping the scales at 310 Lire - would bring the magnificent engraving and detail of his work to those unwilling or unable to cough up twice as much for a single globe. It included the gores of all of Coronelli's globes - though a buyer hoping to construct the largest of these globes with the gores therein would have been sorely disappointed. The format of the books would not allow for the printing of the full-length gores of the 3 1/2 foot globe, which were therefore printed with portions masked off. Since this process did not change the plates, but merely obscured the parts which were not to be printed, it meant that different parts of the same gore could be chosen for different printings. This becomes significant when addressing the specific source of one or another of these bound gores: those printed in the Libro dei Globi shared consistent latitudes, and thus could be easily arranged consecutively and read as they might be on a globe. The same gores printed in Coronelli's 1697 Isolario did not necessarily share that consistency. For that matter, different copies of the Libro dei Globi itself likely contained different maskings of the same gores. Studies of the book - of which there are but a dozen copies identified - show them to be made-to-order volumes with great variation in the inclusion of supplemental materials. No two are identical. It should be noted that none of the books were intended for the production of a globe, or to replace one: As Scianna points out:

If Coronelli really wanted to collect all the prints he used for the gores of his globes in a single book, he would have to realize a volume of 180-184 plates, whereas no copy has that many. The most extensive copy is the one kept in Yale that has 167 plates; therefore even in this copy several plates are omitted.

As alluded to above, Coronelli's Isolario, descrizione geografico-historia would see the mapmaker again employing the terrestrial globe gores - again, not as a representation of a complete globe, but as illustrative maps in a broader geographical text accompanied by conventional maps, views, and diagrams. The plates for the globe were approximately six inches too long to fit the format in which his books would be printed, so for the books Coronelli had the plates masked off at one end or the other to restrict the printed image to the half-folio sheets, and occasionally even smaller portions for insertion to the text. For most of the gores, Coronelli chose to mask the portions closest to the poles and to have the sheets centered on the tropics. In specific cases, he instead chose to present the areas ending at the Arctic or Antarctic circles, generally when there were features he wished to highlight: Hudson's Bay, for example, or Tierra del Fuego.

The publication of the Libro dei Globi spanned both sides of the printing of the Isolario. A number of these - which seem to date as late as 1705 - bear the title Palestra Litteraria. This translates roughly to 'Literary Gymnasium' but Dr. Helen Wattis rendered it as 'Literary Wrestling Match' to capture the spirit in which the book was produced. Coronelli presented the work as a direct challenge to any cartographer, geographer, or astronomer to 'criticize or to compare with any other globe, the globes of Coronelli.' A modern rendition of 'Literary Throwdown' might not be amiss.

Publication History and Census

This engraving was executed in 1688, as part of Coronelli's 3 1/2 foot terrestrial globe, and was masked off for inclusion in one of Coronelli's bound volumes: this sheet can be found in both the Libro Dei Globi and the Isolario. Scianna has catalogued only thirteen copies of the full Libro dei Globi in institutional and private collections; perhaps a dozen examples of the Isolario are catalogued in institutional collections. We see only one example of the separate gore in OCLC, in the New York Public Library.