1942 Richard Edes Harrison Map of the World during World War II

Engaging Harrison orthographic projection FORTUNE Magazine map printed during World War II.

This is a June 1942 Richard Edes Harrison orthographic map of the Atlantic theatre of World War II, intended to reinforce American support for actively prosecuting the war in Europe. Centered on the North Atlantic, the map shows all of North America and the Atlantic coastlines of South America, Africa, and Europe. The map's intent is to emphasize the growing importance of the Atlantic theatre to an American public whose attention had been held by the Pacific theatre of the war. A key entitled 'The Line-Up on May 10, 1942' indicates how color is used on the map to identify the affiliation the nations shown. Red for the Allies and black for the Axis, gradations of those colors to indicate occupied countries, gold for pro-Ally nations and green for pro-Axis. Yellow indicates neutral nations. While the sporting reference of 'The Line-Up' might be glib, the strong implication is not only that sides exist in the conflict, but that they are unavoidable: 'true neutral' nations are vastly outnumbered by active players in what can easily be seen is a World War. The depicted sea routes, with the distances between key cities serve to emphasize the immediacy of the European conflict for Americans. Despite the apparently great Atlantic distances, routes between New York and Europe are dwarfed by the vast expanses of ocean lying between the North American west coast and Japan. The immediacy of the European theatre is being emphasized here. These were important points to drive home: while America's war throughout 1942 had been primarily fought in the Pacific, change was in the air. In the Atlantic, the German U-Boat war was going through a disturbing period of success. Britain was fighting Germany and Italy in North Africa. But at the same time, the first American forces were finding their way east: Air Corps bases had by May been established in the UK, and the first U.S. ground forces (including the 1st Armored Division) had been committed to Ireland. While the United States had been galvanized for war against Japan following Pearl Harbor, public support for a European war was less sanguine.

The Projection

The map employs a unique orthographic projection, which, as Harrison himself notes on the map,

is the most nearly pictorial of all formal projections... its infinite viewpoint makes it possible to show a full hemisphere... (It) has been neglected as a serious map because of its extreme variations in scale (a disadvantage it shares with Mercator) and because only half the world can be shown at one time (a disadvantage that it shares with the globe). However, these faults (and the nature of maps requires them all to have faults) can be forgiven because of its graphic delineation of the sphere. R.E.H.

There are two inset maps: one titled 'The Other Half', which depicts the antipodes of the main map: Australia, Japan, China, Southeast Asia, the South Pacific, and Antarctica. and the other, titled 'This Map and Mercator Compared' shows the portion of the world visible on the orthographic projection marked in black on Mercator's venerable grid. Harrison's plumby discussion of the pros and cons of the projection make the use of the map more friendly, and perhaps add authority to the map's propagandistic content. In any case, the maps were clearly popular with Fortune's readership: this map would be just the first in a series of 'news maps' for both Fortune and the U.S. Government, intended to clarify the complex events of the war and make them comprehensible and palatable to the voting public.

Publication History and Census

This map was first published in 1942 as an insert in Fortune Magazine. It is well represented in institutional collections, with 25 listings in OCLC. It was included in the 1944 collection of Harrison's maps, 'Look At The World: The Fortune Atlas For world Strategy' (this later state includes a 1944 copyright on the verso.)

Cartographer

Richard Edes Harrison (March 11, 1901 - January 5, 1994) was an American cartographer, scientific illustrator, and designer based in New York City, active principally from the 1930s through the 1970s. His journalistic maps combined unconventional viewpoints, expressive relief shading, and carefully controlled graphic design to explain international geography to a broad readership. Born in Baltimore, Maryland, and raised in New Haven, Connecticut, he graduated from Yale College in 1923 with a major in zoology and a minor in chemistry. After working as a scientific illustrator and architectural draftsman, he entered Yale's School of Fine Arts in 1926 and received an architecture degree in 1930. With architectural work scarce during the Depression, he moved to New York and worked in interior and industrial design. A 1932 Time map assignment launched his career in magazine cartography; he later became a staff cartographer for Fortune before returning to freelance work in 1938, maintaining important associations with Fortune and Life. During World War II, Harrison challenged the familiar north-up, Mercator-centered view of world affairs through polar projections, orthographic views, and oblique perspectives that emphasized the Earth's curvature and the proximity of continents in an age of aviation. His Three Approaches to the U.S. (1940) and The World Divided (1941) made American strategic vulnerability visually immediate, supporting an internationalist understanding of the conflict rather than geographical isolation. His influential Look at the World: The Fortune Atlas for World Strategy appeared in 1944. Although admired for their explanatory power, his departures from conventional orientation, scale, and projection also attracted criticism from professional geographers and cartographers. Harrison taught at Syracuse University from 1945 to 1949 and consulted for government agencies, including the Office of Strategic Services, the State Department, and the U.S. Geological Survey. His later publications included The Ginn World Atlas (1963), and he contributed shaded-relief cartography to The National Atlas of the United States of America. He received the American Geographical Society's Miller Medal in 1968. An enthusiastic birdwatcher with a sustained interest in Central Park conservation, Harrison died in New York City on January 5, 1994; the Library of Congress acquired his professional and personal papers in 1995.   Further Details...

Source

FORTUNE, June 1942.    

Condition

Excellent condition. Blank on verso.

References

Rumsey 11086.000. OCLC 225430406.