1749 Vaugondy Map of the Middle East

Stunning hand colored map of the Middle East depicting Jerusalem and Mecca and Medina.

This is a hand colored 1749 Didier Robert de Vaugondy map of the Middle East. The map depicts the region from the Mediterranean and Egypt to Persia (Iran) and from Syria and Iraq to the Indian Ocean and northern Ethiopia (Abissinie), including the Arabian Peninsula. The Holy Land is labeled, and locates both Nazareth and Jerusalem. The Arabian Peninsual is divided into several different regions, although there are two dominant labels 'Arabie Deserte' or 'Desert Arabia' and 'Arabie Heureuse' or 'Happy Arabia.' 'Happy Arabia' is divided between the States of the Sharif of Mecca (Etats du Cherif de la Meque) and Yemen. The Etats du Cherif de la Meque includes both Mecca (la Meque) and Medina (Medine), both of which are labeled. The cities of Aden, in Yemen, Cairo (le Caire), Damascus, Babylon, Tikrit, Basra, and Ispahan are labeled, along with several smaller towns. Bahrain (Bahrein) is depicted along the Persian Gulf, and the highly strategic Strait of Hormuz is labeled. Across the Red Sea, the African coast is depicted, including Egypt, the Kingdom of Sennar or Nubia, which was in modern-day Sudan, and Abyssinia, which is depicted as being in Ethiopia and Somalia. Mountain ranges are illustrated in profile and several rivers snake across the map.

This map was published by Gilles Robert de Vaugondy in his Atlas Universel, Portatif et Militaire in the 1749 edition.

Cartographer

Robert de Vaugondy (fl. c. 1716 - 1786) was a French publishing firm run by Gilles (1688 - 1766) and Didier (c. 1723 - 1786) Robert de Vaugondy. They were map publishers, engravers, and cartographers active in Paris during the mid-18th century. Gilles was the nephew of Pierre Moulard Sanson, and was thus the inheritor of Nicolas Sanson (1600 - 1667), whose stock supplied much of their initial material and whose legacy supplied much of their initial reputation. Graduating from Sanson's maps, Gilles, and more particularly Didier, began to produce their own substantial corpus. The Vaugondys were well-respected for the detail and accuracy of their maps, for which they capitalized on the resources of 18th-century Paris to compile the most accurate and fantasy-free maps possible. The Vaugondys compiled each map based on their own geographic knowledge, scholarly research, journals of contemporary explorers and missionaries, and direct astronomical observation. Moreover, unlike many cartographers of this period, they took pains to reference their sources. Nevertheless, even in 18th-century Paris, geographical knowledge was limited - especially regarding those unexplored portions of the world, including the poles, the Pacific Northwest of America, and the interiors of Africa, Australia, and South America. This gap in knowledge let to divergent geographical approaches, epitomized by the Buache-Vaugondy debates at the French Academie des Sciences - one of the key pivotal moments in the history of modern cartography. Buache, in his Exposé, argued for a Theoretical Geography, which postulated that a systematic and scientific approach could accurately fill in the map in advance of actual exploration. Vaugondy's scathing critique of the Exposé, presented as the Considerations, argued for empirical restraint in cartography, suggesting that unexplored areas should simply be left blank and that mapping itself should rely on documentable current discovery. While Bucahe, with more political acumen and connections, initially came out ahead in the debates, the subsequent decades saw voyages of discovery by Captains James Cook, Jean Francois de Galaup de La Perouse, and George Vancouver disprove most of his map. Nonetheless, by that time, Vaugondy, advanced in age, did not live long enough to see his approach become ascendant. Didier died more celebrated than solvent, and his maps were acquired by Jean-Baptiste Fortin, who in 1787 sold them to Charles-François Delamarche (1740 - 1817). Delamarche, more businessman than cartographer, prospered from the Vaugondy maps, but defrauded Vaugondy's widow, Marie Louise Rosalie Dangy, of her rightful inheritance and may even have killed her.   Further Details...

Source

Robert de Vaugondy, G., Atlas Portatif, Universel, et Militaire, (Paris: Vaugondy, Durand, Pissot) 1749.    

Condition

Very good. Blank on verso. Original press mark visible.

References

Pedley, M. S., Bel et Utile, p. 197, 387.