1908 Service Geographique Map of the Guangzhouwan Leased Territory, China

法国试图打造香港竞争对手的尝试失败了。

这是一幅1908年印度支那地理服务局绘制的地图，描绘了法国租借的中国南方广州湾地区——它揭示了中国殖民史上鲜为人知的一页。法国人原本希望这片地区能与香港相媲美，但最终却沦为一个滑稽可笑、毫无成效的殖民项目，并成为大多数人的眼中钉，被中国黑帮所把持和统治。

仔细观察

地图涵盖了租借地，并略微标注了其边界外的村庄。主要的殖民地定居点巴亚德堡位于地图顶部，更北处是华人村庄（马江、查坎、波涛），这些村庄曾作为商业中心，受益于租借地与周边广东省之间的走私活动。地图包含了地形（以不同颜色区分）、通信基础设施、土地利用和水道等方面的丰富细节，所有内容均在底部的图例中进行了解释。

广州湾租赁区

广州湾租借地是法国试图在中国南部沿海地区建立类似香港的贸易中心的一次失败尝试。1898年，在炮舰外交的压力下，法国从清政府手中租借了这片土地。这是法国在甲午战争（1894-1895）后“瓜分租界”浪潮中扮演的角色之一。这场浪潮中，英国获得了香港和威海卫等新界，俄国则获得了满洲等地的租界。法国嫉妒英国（以及在较小程度上，日本和美国）在中国的商业利益，并且在巩固了东京的殖民统治、扩大了在云南和广西的影响力之后，野心勃勃，最终获得了雷州半岛东海岸部分地区的99年租约。该特许经营地位置似乎不错，靠近海南岛，而且距离河内-海防足够近，军队或管理人员可以迅速抵达。

然而，租界从一开始就问题重重。法国人根据两百年前一艘法国船只在附近海域沉没的记载，严重误判了广州湾是否适合大型船只停泊，很快便扼杀了建立大型港口的希望。此外，与香港、澳门或上海不同，广州湾并非位于主要河流和贸易要道的入海口附近（尽管其名称具有误导性，许多欧洲人很容易将其与广州市混淆，而广州实际上位于珠江沿岸，靠近香港，距离法国租界以东200多英里）。另一个相关问题是，租界地处中国资源匮乏的地区，导致贸易中心商品稀少，法国人也面临着如何支付租界行政和国防开支的难题。走投无路的管理者对当地居民征收殖民式的“人头税”，并通过对卖淫、赌博和鸦片等不良行为征税来增加收入。这片租借地在法国（或者说河内）原本就微不足道的兴趣很快消散，最终落入当地权贵和黑帮手中，他们与法国当局勾结。
广州湾成了清政府乃至后来的民国政府的一大眼中钉。清政府和民国政府都想对鸦片和其他走私品征收关税，这些走私品通过租借地边境的漏洞进入中国。蒋介石领导的南京政府出于反帝热情和急需征收关税的考虑，在租借地周围设立了数十个海关和警察局，并部署了军舰，但仍然无法根除走私活动。相反，在抗日战争期间，租借地的走私活动却成了蒋介石在重庆的战时政府的重要经济支柱，重庆被一些人称为“中国的卡萨布兰卡”，直到1943年被日军占领。战后，法国为了换取蒋介石帮助其重新控制越南北部（战争结束时，蒋介石的军队占领了该地区），主动放弃了广州湾及其在中国的其他租借地。广州湾的真正统治者——那些匪帮——一直留在那里，与法国人、中国人，甚至在很多情况下与日本人合作，尽管他们正确地推测共产党人不会那么好说话，并在中国内战（1946-1949 年）期间逃往澳门或香港。

出版历史和人口普查

这幅地图由印度支那地理局绘制，弗里克尼翁上校领导，地图左上角列出了相关军官的勘测结果。它仅被法国国家图书馆收藏（在OCLC中被编目两次）。索邦大学图书馆似乎收藏了该地图的另一个版本（OCLC 927404386），它是法属印度支那地图集的一部分。

Cartographers

Service Géographique de l'Indochine (1899 - c. 1954) was created by decree on July 5, 1899. A Lieutenant Colonel Lubanski, from the Service Géographique de l'Armée, was put in charge. He along with several other army officers, as well as trained topographers and other geographers, immediately began applying the cutting-edge scientific practices employed by the Service Géographique de l'Armée in France to Indochina. They were tasked with creating detailed new maps of the colony. The Service Géographique immediately began mapping the Tonkin and Than-hoa deltas in extreme detail, and published annually a report on their progress. As for the rest of the country, which was sparsely populated and frequently inaccessible jungle, much less detailed maps were deemed sufficient. The Service Géographique also published an Atlas of Indochina annually from 1920 until at least 1932, as well as a summary of their work, which was published annually from 1900. Although the historical record is unclear, it is likely that the Service Géographique was disbanded during the Japanese occupation of Indochina during World War II and reconstituted after the Japanese defeat. During the 1950s the Service Géographique benefited from aerial photography.   Further Details...

Jean Baptiste Laurent Friquegnon (August 10, 1858 - 1934) was a French geographer and military officer. Born in Valleroy, France, Friquegnon entered the military on March 1, 1877. He was promoted to sous-lieutenant d'Infanterie de Marine on March 19, 1883. By January 1885 he was serving in Tonkin in French Indochina as a member of the Tirailleurs tonkinois. Friquegnon was gravely wounded on an expedition to Kem that year, he was promoted to lieutenant and named a Chevalier of the Legion of Honor. In 1889 he was appointed to the service topographique de l'état-major d'Hanoï, and subsequently became a member of the Pavie expedition to Laos, led by Auguste Jean-Marie Pavie (May 31, 1847 - June 7, 1925). He was one of Pavie's photographers on this expedition and took numerous photographs during this expedition and the two subsequent expeditions. Friquegnon returned to France in 1892 to command the 8th Marine Regiment at Toulon. He returned to Tonkin two years later. In 1896, back in France, he worked at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to help produce a new edition of a map of Indochina. He left for Tonkin again in 1903, and in 1904 he was made the director of the service géographique de l'Indochine and promoted to lieutenant colonel. After another series of postings in France, he returned to Cochinchine in 1913 and took command of the Tirailleurs annamites which he led in combat against the Chinese in Laos. In 1916 he returned to France and was put in command of the training center at Cavaillon the following year. In 1919 he was made the regional commander of colonial workers in Lille. He was made an Officier de la Légion d'Honneur on December 30, 1905 and a Commandeur de la Légion d'Honneur on October 5, 1916. Over the course of his career, Friquegnon made at least fifteen maps of Southeast Asia, some of which were produced for the Pavie expeditions. He married Lucie Picanon on November 5, 1895, and then remarried on July 4, 1903, to Antoinette Alice Rebel.   Further Details...

Condition

Very good. Two sheets joined, as issued. Marginal mend with no impact to image, tack holes to corners, creasing at folds.

References

OCLC 1176768326, 494856987. Pieragastini, S., 'State and Smuggling in Modern China: The Case of Guangzhouwan/Zhanjiang' Cross-Currents: East Asian History and Culture Review, Vol. 7, No. 1, May 2018, pp. 118-152.