1866 Municipal Council Maps of Shanghai, China (British Concession, American Concession)
Plan of the English Settlement at Shanghae. / Plan of the Hong Kew (Hong Que.) or American Settlement, at Shanghae.
第一批市议会地图——现代上海的起源。
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第一批市议会地图——现代上海的起源。
这套1866年上海地图堪称上海制图学的圣杯,是迄今为止最重要、比例尺最大、最精美的早期上海地图。这些地图是上海市议会首次发布的,源于1864年至1866年间一项具有里程碑意义的测绘工作,该测绘是在英租界与美租界合并之后进行的。地图的发行结束了上海长达二十年的发展停滞,并启动了大规模的城市化和现代化项目,使上海成为通往中国的主要门户。因此,这些地图比任何其他地图都更能代表上海作为一座现代化城市的诞生。仔细观察
这些地图由英国银行印刷商尼辛和帕克公司精心制作:尺寸大,雕版精细,是早期彩色石版印刷技术的杰出代表。每幅地图均以西北偏北方向为界,比例尺统一为每英寸200英尺,细节清晰可见。地图上标注了主要地点,此外还标有编号地点,英租界436号,美租界248号。地图采用颜色编码区分建筑类型:外国房屋(红色)、外国仓库(棕色)、中式房屋和货仓(黄色)。“房屋”一词似乎并非字面意义上的房屋,在某些情况下,它也包括银行、社交俱乐部、酒店、教堂、墓地、学校和类似机构。可惜的是,编号地点的图例已遗失,但许多地点可以根据后来的地图推断出来。英租界地图涵盖了1842年割让给英国的那些治外法权领土。它西临防卫溪(大致相当于今天的西藏路),北临苏州河和美国租界(虹口),南临杨景庞(大致相当于今天的延安高架桥)和法租界,东临王浦河。
这张地图涵盖了从四川北路(今四川路)沿苏州河北岸至登特码头的原美租界。虽然我们目前只知道一份英租界地图,但Geographicus还拥有另一份未记录的美租界地图,其中包含与下水道和排水系统建设相关的更新信息(参见ShanghaiAmericanConcession-municipalcouncil-1866)。
历史背景
这套地图史无前例。虽然它们并非最早描绘上海的地图,但却是首批基于详尽数学测绘而绘制的地图,因此细节丰富。此前,尤尔、波特和贝克尔等人的地图要么是粗略的轮廓图,要么是航海图,更多地关注黄浦江而非上海市区本身。这并不奇怪,因为租界时期(1842-1862年)的前二十年发展缓慢,尤其是在黄浦江沿岸地区。一幅1861年的画作描绘了外滩沿岸近乎原始的景象,尽管当时有一些新修建的码头伸入江中。直到1862年,才开始在黄浦江沿岸修建简陋的木制平台。直到1863年英美租界合并后,城市发展才真正开始。此时,上海市议会下令进行全面勘测。勘测工作从1864年持续到1866年,最终形成了这两幅精美的地图,它们是备受赞誉的“市议会系列”地图中的第一幅,也是迄今为止最精美的一幅。从地图上我们可以看到,第一批重要的基础设施项目也由此启动:沿岸填海造陆、1865年成立第一家煤气公司、街道铺设、排水沟渠和污水管道的建设(参见Geographicus: ShanghaiAmericanConcession-municipalcouncil-1866)、主要街道两旁的园林和树木等等。
英国租界
上海英租界的建立源于《南京条约》(1842年),该条约结束了第一次鸦片战争(1839-1842年),迫使中国开放多个港口进行对外贸易。英租界位于黄浦江西岸,专供英国居民居住,并受英国治外法管辖。在随后的30年里,英租界发展成为一个繁荣的区域,拥有英式的基础设施、银行、贸易公司和住宅,极大地促进了上海成为全球金融中心。1863年,英租界与美租界合并,组成公共租界,由西方列强共同管理,但英国的影响占据主导地位。19世纪末20世纪初,公共租界作为贸易、文化和金融中心蓬勃发展,但在第二次世界大战期间以及1943年外国租界最终回归中国后,经历了动荡。美国让步
1845年,美国传教士兼圣公会主教威廉·琼斯·布恩(1811-1864)在上海英租界以北的虹口区购置了一大片土地。他最初的计划是建造教堂并出售房产,但在1848年,他提议建立一个类似于英租界的永久性美国租界。尽管租界建设仍在进行,但直到1863年6月25日,这片土地才正式被划为治外法权区。当天,上海县长黄芳批准了这一请求,美国领事乔治·西沃德签署协议,正式设立美国治外法权区。几个月后,即1863年9月21日,美国租界与英租界合并,成立了上海公共租界。 19世纪下半叶,虹口地区因“上海人”而闻名,这些英国和美国侨民拒绝向清政府纳税。最初,公共租界只允许欧洲裔人士居住,但随着时间的推移,逐渐向中国人和日本人开放。到了20世纪初,虹口逐渐被日本企业所主导,并在第二次中日战争(1937-1945)和第二次世界大战(1939-1945)爆发前的几年里成为动荡不安的地区。上海国际租界
上海公共租界成立于1863年,由英美两国在上海的租界合并而成。这些租界是鸦片战争后签订的不平等条约的一部分,英国和美国分别租借了上海。自1854年左右起,租界由上海市政委员会管理,该委员会是一个由英国官员和实力雄厚的商人组成的机构。委员会颁布了限制华人在租界内居住的规定,并监督公共设施的建设,包括有轨电车、污水处理系统、公路和港口建筑。19世纪末20世纪初,上海公共租界多次扩张。此外,委员会还修建并管理通往周边地区的租界外道路,进一步促进了租界的非正式扩张。 1937年日本入侵上海后,这里一度成为和平繁荣的飞地,但随着1941年日本偷袭珍珠港并入侵公共租界,这种和平繁荣戛然而止。战后,公共租界的土地回归中国主权。出版历史和人口普查
这些具有开创性的地图基于1864年至1866年间进行的调查,当时正值英国租界和美国租界在上海市议会的统一管理下巩固其统治地位之后。地图由伦敦的金融市场印刷商尼辛和帕克公司印制。该地图极其罕见,市场上几乎找不到任何相关记录。我们仅在四家机构收藏中发现过该地图,且大多保存状况不佳:苏格兰国家图书馆、南方浸信会神学院、西沃德故居博物馆和英国皇家地理学会。Cartographers
Shanghai Municipal Council (公共租界工部局; July 11, 1854 - 1943) was an organization of business leaders in Shanghai active from the middle part of the 19th century to the early 20th century. The organization was formed on July 11, 1854, by a group of influential Western businessmen who argued that Shanghai suffered under a lack of proper municipal governance. It laid down land regulations, began assisting in the construction of new roads, established refuse collection, and even initiated taxation. By the late 1860s, Shanghai's official governing body had been practically transferred from the individual concessions to the Shanghai Municipal Council (工部局). The British Consul was the de jure authority in the Settlement, but he had no actual power unless the ratepayers (who voted for the Council) agreed. Instead, he and the other consulates deferred to the Council, which was composed of 9 figures: 5 from the British Settlement, 2 from the American Settlement, and 2 from the Japanese Settlement. No Chinese were permitted to serve on the Council until 1928. By the 1880s, the Council acquired a virtual monopoly over city utilities, controlling gas suppliers, electricity producers, and water companies. Later, in the early 20th century, they also took control of rickshaws, tramways, and regulated opium sales and prostitution. The Council maintained its own police force, fire service, and military reserve, the Shanghai Volunteer Corps (萬國商團). The Municipal Council was disbanded in 1943, during World War II (1939 - 1945) when the Japanese closed all foreign concessions (except the French). Further Details...
Hilary Nicholas Nissen (1813 - August 25, 1877) was a British stationer, politician, sheriff, and businessman. Nissen founded the firm Nissen and Parker at 43 Mark Lane, London. Parker we have been unable to isolate. The firm is best known for servicing the London financial market, printing bank notes, checks, certificates, drafts, maps, and books. By 1867, they became Nissen, Parker, and Arnold. By the early 20th century, the firm changed to Nissen and Arnold. At its height, the firm serviced nearly 2000 banking and mercantile establishments. Nissen served as a London Sheriff in 1863 and 1864, about whom the following satirical poem was composed and published in the 1864 Eleventh Londoniad,
And here I was a new artistic strainNissen was also a master of the Fruitierers Company, a kind of London guild, initially associated with the fruit industry, that can trace its roots to the 14th century. Further Details...
For Hilary Nicholas Nissen of Mark-lane,
Whose fam'd house the first in Middlesex is,
Lo! His Improvement in Book Indexes;
I T' incorporate in th' Londoniad
Throught; but see th' great advance my hero made.
He the great triumph of th' age has shared -
Note, his Paper Chemicaly Prepared.
The great Art Controvertist hail; I hear
His name resound in either hemisphere,
And that few, if any, have such a brain
As the prime hero of science in Mark-lane.
Cheque-printer, him we first in England rank,
His name's in ev'ry public, ev'ry private bank;
But need I through the vast Catalogue range,
of 43, Mark-lane, near to the Corn Exchange'
It can never fall to my lot again,
To have Lord Mayor and Sheriff with such heart and brain.
Condition
Very good. Slight soiling. A few minor margin tears stabilized on verso.
References
Virtual Shanghai, #343. Seward House Museum, Anna Burns' Room, Southeast bookcase, Shelf 4. OCLC 316547777.